Intel Processor

Intel, the word is sure you already know, right?? Yes, Intel is a company well-known microprocessor and processor in the world. And its products were widely used by people. In computers, laptops, servers not least the use of Intel products as a processor. Processor Intel is famous for the application of technologies. Whether it's Dual Core is implemented on a single processor that can accelerate the process computer, Nor the GOPS (Giga Operations Per Second) has. But it also stems from the small things. Many histories experienced by Intel processors before the Processor is a powerful as the processor now dubbed Brain Computer is now the world's fastest Core i7 and Corei & Extreem the fastest.History-history is also very much that is:

   1.


      In 1971, Intel issued a series MCS4 processor which is the forerunner of the i4040 processor. 4-bit processor is planned to be a brain calculator, in the same year (1971), make revisions to the intel i440. Originally ordered by a Japanese company to manufacture calculators, it is far more powerful processors than expected so that Intel bought the rights to the Japanese companies for the development and further research. This is where the precursor to the development towards a computer processor.
   2.

      In 1972 appeared the first i8008 8-bit processor, but somewhat less preferred because multivoltage, then emerging i8080 processor, here there is a change that is so triple voltage, use of technology NMOS (PMOS no longer), and introduces the first time the system clock generator (pake chip additional), packaged in the form of Array DIP 40 pins. Then came also processor2: MC6800 from Motorola -1974, -1976 Zilog Z80 from (the two rivals), and processor - other processor 6500 series made by MOST, Rockwell, Hyundai, WDC, NCR etc.. Z80 full compatible with the i8008 only until the machine language level. Different levels of language assemblies thereof (not compatible software level). I8080 processor is a processor with an internal 8-bit registers, an 8-bit external bus, and 20-bit memory addressing (access 1 MB of total memory), and operating mode REAL.
   3.

      In 1977 appeared 8085 processor type, clock generator onprocessor, the use of single embryo bakalnya voltage +5 V (the implementation of s / d 486DX2, DX4 began to +3.3 V pd ff).
   4.

      In 1978 appeared i8086 processor, this processor has registers, 16-bit external data bus 16-bit and 20-bit memory addressing. This processor is also equipped with HMOS technology, components supporting 16-bit bus is very rare, so the price becomes very expensive.
   5.

      To answer the growing market demands, then remove the processor type Intel i8088 16bit internal bus, 8bit external bus. So that the i8088 can use 8bit peripheral components used i8008. IBM chose this chip for the IBM PC because pebuatan cheaper than i8086. If only IBM's CEO at that time did not declare the PC side was a mere dream, of course, IBM will be in total control of the PC market today. IBM's first PC release in August 1981 has 3 versions of the IBM PC, IBM PC-Jr and IBM PC-XT (eXtended Technology). I8088 chip is very popular, until the NEC unveiled a chip that is built based on the specifications of this chip pin, which is named V20 and V30. NEC V20 and V30 is compatible with Intel processors up to the level of assembly language (software). 8088 and 8086 chip fully compatible with programs created for the 8080 chip, although there may be some programs that are made for 8086 is not working on 8088 chip (bus width difference).
   6.

      In the next year issued a processor type Intel i80186 and i80188. Since the advent i80186 processor type, processor began packaged in the form of PLCC, LCC and PGA 68 feet .. physically i80186 17 feet square with precision (PLCC / LCC) or 2 rows of foot-precision (PGA) and the start of this i80186 chip DMA and interrupt controller integrated into the processor. since using the 286, IBM uses the term computer IBM PC-AT (Advanced Technology) and has become a popular use of the term PersonalSystem (PS / 1). And is also becoming known use 16-bit ISA slots which were developed from 8-bit ISA slot, the cloner started popping crowded. There are AMD, Harris & MOS fully compatible with Intel. In 286 is becoming known use of Protected Virtual Address Mode which allows for multitasking time sharing (via hardware resetting).
   7.

      Then to reach the lost momentum of the i8086 chip, Intel i80286, processors with 16-bit registers, 16-bit external bus, known as protected mode is limited to STANDARD mode that uses 24-bit memory addressing that can access a maximum of 16 MB of memory. 80 286 chips is of course fully compatible with the 808x series chips before, with the addition of several new instruction set. Unfortunately, this chip has a few bugs in the design of its hardware, so it failed to gather followers.
   8.

      In 1985, Intel launched the design of an entirely new processor: i80386. A 32-bit processor, in the sense of having 32-bit registers, the external data bus 32-bit, and maintain compatibility with previous generation processors, with the additional introduction of 32-BIT PROTECTED mode for 32-bit memory addressing, is able to access a maximum of 4 GB, and do not forget the extra few new instructions. The chip is packaged in a PGA start (Pin Grid Array). Intel processors up to this point has not used the unit FPU internally. To support the FPU, Intel launched a series of 80 × 87. Since 386 is beginning to emerge cloner processor: AMD, Cyrix, NGen, TI, IIT, IBM (Blue Lightning) dst, kind-kinds:
         1.

            i80386 DX (full 32 bit)
         2.

            i80386 SX (cheap because of 16bit external)
         3.

            i80486 DX (int 487)
         4.

            i80486 SX (487 disabled)
         5.

            Cx486 DLC (using MB 386DX, as well as others)
         6.

            Cx486 SLC (using MB 386SX)
         7.

            i80486DX2
         8.

            i80486DX2 ODP
         9.

            Cx486DLC2 (architecture MB 386)
        10.

            Cx486SLC2 (architecture MB 386)
        11.

            i80486DX4
        12.

            i80486DX4 ODP
        13.

            i80486SX2
        14.

            Pentium
        15.

            Pentium ODP
   9.

      Around 1989, Intel launched i80486DX. Which is certainly very popular series, this series increased to 80 386 series is the speed and FPU support internal and clock multiplier scheme (series i486DX2 and iDX4), without the addition of new instructions. Due to public demand for cheaper processors, Intel launched a series i80486SX is none other than the circuit i80486DX processor FPU has been disabled. As it should, i80486DX series has full compatibility with the chip-chip instruction set of the previous series. AMD and Cyrix then buy i80386 processor design and i80486DX to make Intel-compatible processors, and they proved very successful. My opinion is what is called the 'cloning', just as stories NEC V20 and V30. AMD and Cyrix did not do a vertical design process (based on a previous series chip), but based on an existing chip design to create a chip that class.
  10.

      In 1993, and Intel launched the Pentium processor. Improvements to the i80486: PGA larger structure (higher speed, and pipelining, WITHOUT the new instructions. There is nothing special about this chip, only the fact that standards are created for i80486 VLB does not fit (it is not compatible) so that the chipset makers forced to redesign to support PCI. Intel Pentium uses the term to "inhibit" his rival. Since the Pentium is the cloner start "falling out" stay AMD, Cyrix. Intel Pentium uses the term because Intel lost in court patent. the reason the numbers can not be a patent , because it's Intel released the Pentium uses the TM. AMD + Cyrix did not want to fall behind, they issued a standard Pentium Rating (PR) 92 Intel had previously Ditahun collaboration with Sun, but failed, and Intel was sued by Sun for allegedly copying the design of Sun. Since the Pentium, Intel has implemented the ability Pipelining is usually cuman there diprocessor RISC (RISC like SunSparc). Vesa Local Bus is the development of a 32bit ISA 16bit architecture uses a fixed clock because it has its own clock generator (typically> 33MHz), while the PCI architecture is a new architecture that speeds clocknya follow Processor clock speed (usually half the speed of processor speed) .. so the relative speed PCI VGA Card will not be the same at different frequencies MHz processor, aka the faster MHz processor, the faster PCI his
  11.

      In 1995, the emergence of the Pentium Pro. Innovation disatukannya cache memory into the processor demands made socket 8. Pin-pin processor is divided into two groups: one group to the cache memory, and one group left to its own processor, which is nothing more than pin-pin Pentium are altered arrangement. The design of this processor enables higher efficiency when handling 32-bit instructions, but if there is a 16-bit instructions appearing in 32-bit instruction cycle, then the processor will make emptying the cache so that the process execution is slow. There's only one instruction is added: CMOV (Conditional MOVE).
  12.

      In 1996, the Pentium MMX. Actually nothing more than a Pentium with additional units and additional instruction set, ie MMX. Intel still has not provided a clear definition of the term MMX. Multi Media Extension is a term used AMD. There is a limitation on the design of this chip: because the MMX module added only just into the design without redesign Pentium, Intel was forced to make MMX and FPU units make sharing, in the sense that when the active FPU MMX non-active, and vice versa. So the Pentium MMX in mode is not compatible with Pentium MMX. What about the AMD K5? AMD K5-PR75 is actually a 'clone' i80486DX with internal speed 133MHz and 33MHz bus clock. Specifications Pentium AMD gained while designing the next versions K5 and Cyrix when designing a 6 × 86 was limited to a pin-pin Pentium specifications. They were not given access to the original design. Even IBM is not able to make Intel unmoved (Cyrix, IBM has a contract until the year tied with 2005). Regarding the design of the AMD K6, K6 did you know that is actually owned by NexGen design? As Intel states make the unit MMX, AMD is looking design and add it to the K6 MMX. Unfortunately specifications are obtained MMX AMD used Intel is not likely, since proved to have many ketidakkompatibilitas K6 MMX instruction with the Pentium MMX.
  13.

      In 1997, Intel launched the Pentium II, Pentium Pro with MMX technology which has two innovations: the cache memory does not become one with the core processor like the Pentium Pro, but is outside the core but works with processor speed. Innovation is what causes the loss of deficiency Pentium Pro (problems emptying the cache) The second innovation, the SEC (Single Edge Cartidge), Why? Since we can install the Pentium Pro processor in slot SEC with the help of a special adapter. Addendum: since onprocessor L2 cache, the cache speed = speed of the processor, while for PII its cache in the "outside" (using the processor module), then the speed is half the processor speed. Mentioned also use the PII Slot 1 for several reasons:
         1.

            Widen the data path (foot lot - also became the reason for Socket 8), processing in PPro and PII can be parallel. Because it's actually one more slot is powerless in Multithreading / Multiple Processor. (Unfortunately the O / S has not been much support, dual PII benchmark processorpun by ZDBench more done via Win95 rather than via NT)
         2.

            Allows upgrader Slot 1 without consuming a lot of space in the motherboard because if not ZIF socket 9, could be an area of ​​Form Factor (MB) of its own this space-saving concept has also been there since 8088. Why SIMM specification also came out in 286? some of which is the efficiency and simplification of forms.
         3.

            Allows use of the cache module to more efficiently and with high speed balanced with processor speed, and was again without a lot of eating places, unlike AMD / Cyrix are "forced" to double its cache L1 to rival the speed PII (because of its slow L2) so that the conclusions of AMD K6 and Cyrix 6 × 86 in the processor is not fast, but fast in the cache hit! Because the spec Socket7 L2 cache speed will be limited only as fast as the data bus / the slower the data bus is busy when, next year when PII is planned to operate at 100MHz (66MHz instead of longer). Point is one of the reasons why replacing intel chipset from 430 to 440 which means also need to replace the motherboard.
  14.

      On October 6, 1998, Intel Corporation released the fastest version of the dual processor Intel ® Pentium ® II Xeon ™ with speeds of 450 MHz, designed specifically for use on dual-processor (two-way) workstations and servers. The new processor is expected to be able to build a solid belief that the Pentium ® II Xeon ™ can be received in the market and can be used as the basis for all processors Workstation and Servers. Dual processor (Dual-processor/two-way) will make the users are not instantly move to this new generation processor, this is due to a variety of complicated problems that have been resolved by the processor-processor such as Mission-Critical earlier. System vendors including Compaq, Dell, Fujitsu, Gateway, HP, IBM, Intergraph, NEC, Siemens Nixdorf (SNI), TriStar and UMAX had planned to switch to this new processor which supposedly will take them to the level of data processing is more amazing. "The development of Intel processor technology continues to drive the workings of the computer to a higher level again, producing a very rapid expansion in the marketing sector on Workstations and Servers," explained Anand Chandrasekher, Intel ® Workstation Production Division. "A very encouraging sign for us when we launch the Pentium ® II processor Xeon ™ into the market; many new consumers are very interested in the architecture of this processor, therefore premiere processor Xeon ™ Pentium ® II 450 MHz speeds, should be able to accelerate the trend development of high-speed processor in the present ". Like other family members of the Intel Inside ® microprocessor, the most prominent on the processor Pentium ® II Xeon ™ 450 MHz is Chaches Level 2 (L2) is larger, the speed of data processing, special handling on heat flow protection, ability Multiprosessing, and 100-MHz system bus. AGPset Intel ® 440GX for Workstations and servers with one or two processors are able to provide support to 20-GB memory and AGP Graphics are smoother and more real. These processors also support the development of operating systems like Windows NT (New Technology) for Workstations, Servers for Windows NT, Netware and UNIX. Processor Pentium ® II Xeon ™ 450 MHz with 512 KB L2 cache for $ 824, approximately Rp. 5.768 million, - (exchange rate of Rp 7000, - per dollar); Processor Pentium ® II Xeon ™ 450 MHz four-lane (Four-way) if not prevented will be realized in early 1999.
  15.

      In 1999, Intel released processors of type Intel ® Pentium ® III Processor. Pentium III processor is a processor with an added 70 new instructions that dramatically enhance the ability of high-level imaging, three-dimensional, streaming audio, and video applications as well as voice recognition. Besides, in the same year Intel also released a processor type Intel ® Pentium ® III Xeon ®. Processor Intel is back on sale of servers and workstations by issuing a series of Pentium III Xeon, but the type that has 70 SIMD command. The advantages of this processor is that it can speed up the processing of information from the system bus to the processor, which also boost performance significantly. This processor is also designed to be combined with other similar processors.
  16.

      In 2000, Intel released processors of type Intel ® Pentium ® 4 Processor. Processor Intel Pentium IV is a product that speeds up the process is capable of penetrating speed of 3.06 GHz. First time out this processor speed 1.5 GHz with a form factor 423 pin, then change the form factor Intel processor Intel Pentium 4 into a pin 478 which starts from the processor speed Intel Pentium 4 1.3 GHz to the latest that is currently able to penetrate its speed up to 3 , 4 GHz.
  17.

      On August 9, 2006, Intel Corporation unveiled an Intel Core 2 Duo processors intended for desktop PCs and workstations and laptops consumer and business - processors with technology that can produce better performance, lower power consumption, and usage flexibility for its users. "Processor-Core 2 Duo processors are the best processors in the world," said Paul Otellini, Intel president and CEO. "The last time the industry saw the computer core is made back to the way it was when Intel introduced the Pentium processor. Core 2 Duo desktop processor contains 291 million transistors yet consuming only 40 percent less power and still be able to produce the performance needed for future applications of present and future. "Processor family who have been waiting for has had broad support with more than 550 The computer manufacturing system design - the most in Intel's history. In the end, tens of thousands of businesses will sell computers or components using the processors.
  18.

      Processor-Intel Core 2 Duo processors are built in several high-volume manufacturing facilities and sophisticated in the world using silicon process technology from Intel's 64-nanometer. The desktop PC version of the processors also generate increased performance by 40 percent and 40 percent more energy efficiency than Intel's previous best processor. According to multiple independent review organizations, the processors win more than nine out of 10 benchmarks the performance of servers, desktop PCs and PC gaming. Family of Intel Core 2 Duo processors consist of a desktop PC processors tailored to the users of business, home, and enthusiast, as the players high-end gaming, and five mobile PC processors designed to meet the lifestyle needs of mobile . Based workstations using Intel Core 2 Duo processors will also deliver industry leading performance in terms of design, content creation and technical computing. The processor family is based on the Intel Core micro architecture is revolutionary, designed to produce a performance powerful yet energy-efficient. With the power of dual cores, or computing engines, the processors can manage numerous tasks faster. These processors can also work without problems when running more than one application, such as writing e-mails while downloading music or videos and conducting a virus scan. Chip-dual-core chips also improve tasks, such as viewing and playing high-definition video, protecting the PC and its assets during e-commerce transactions, and enabling improved battery life for notebooks are slimmer and lighter.
  19.

      Consumers and businesses will have the option to buy a processor-Intel Core 2 Duo processors as part of the platform-focused platforms from Intel, which consists of technology-Intel hardware and software technologies tailored to specific computing needs, including Intel vPro technology for businesses, Intel Centrino Duo mobile technology for laptops, and Intel Viiv technology for home users. Processor-Intel Core 2 Duo processor has many advanced innovations, such as:
         1.

            Intel Wide Dynamic Execution - Improve performance and efficiency. Each core can complete up to four full instructions simultaneously using an 14-stage pipeline Efficient
         2.

            Intel Smart Memory Access - Improving system performance by hiding memory latency, which then optimizes the use of available computer data bandwidth to provide data to the processor when needed
         3.

            Intel Advanced Smart Cache - Have an L2 cache or memory reservoir to reduce the sharing of power by minimizing memory "traffic" yet increases performance by allowing one core to utilize the entire cache when the other core is idle. Only Intel provides this capability in all segments
         4.

            Intel Advanced Digital Media Boost - Effectively doubles the execution speed for instructions used widely in multimedia applications and graphics
         5.

            Intel 64 Technology - This enhancement to Intel 32-bit architecture supports 64-bit computing, including enabling the processor to access larger amounts of memory
         6.

            Intel Dynamic Power Coordination - Coordinates the transitions Enhanced Intel SpeedStep ® Technology and idle power-management (C-states) independently per core to help save power
         7.

            Intel Dynamic Bus Parking - Enables platform power savings and improved battery life by allowing the chipset to power down with the processor in low frequency mode
         8.

            Enhanced Intel Deeper Sleep with Dynamic Cache Sizing - Saves power by "draining" cache data to system memory during periods of inactivity to lower processor voltages
  20.

      In 2008, precisely on August 17, Intel released its newest product is the type of processor Intel Core 2 Extreme Quad Core. The newest product called the Core 2 Extreme QX9300 processor with features 45W TDP, and paying special attention to the cooling or cooling system. The New Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9300 has a 2.53GHz Core clock set on and carried the FSB or Front Side Bus of 1066 and has 12MB of cache memory. The launching of a quad core processor is only 2hari IDF 2008 prior to the scheduled start. For the price, The New Core 2 Extreme processor provides a facility that is promising but the price is cheap relative to the ability to offer an exceptional processor. The price for this mobile processor range from $ 1,038 in which the agreement Intel has done little to determine the price of this processor QX9300. For comparison, the Dual Core Mobile Chip with similar features is the clock speed of 2.53GHz is priced at $ 340, but his performance 3x slower when compared to the QX9300. Of course if you want to match the QX9300 then the users will pay higher prices. Based on other sources of Quad Core team of developers, the development will be undertaken to explore the desktop market share.
  21.

      Intel also released the other type of processor that is the name Core 2 Quad Q8200. This processor has a core clock of 2.33GHz and is planned to be introduced on the exact date is August 31. This processor has a FSB or front side bus of 1333 and 4MB of cache memory. Based on the Intel side, the price for this processor for $ 224, which is the price and the Intel has been producing thousands of units of this processor is to be marketed widely. So the Q8200 is the cheapest class processor quad core processor that carries the line 45nm fabrication technology. Processor Q9300 with a core clock and 2.5GHz Processor Q9400 with 2.66GHz clock marketed at a price of $ 266.Related article: